Guide
Running, back, and stem stitch: compare the thread path
Follow thread above and below the ground to choose a broken, continuous, or rope-like line.
Similar outlines use different paths
Running stitch alternates thread on the surface and behind the ground. Equal stitch and gap lengths make a regular broken line, while deliberate variation can add rhythm. Back stitch brings the needle up ahead, then returns into the previous endpoint; its surface segments meet to form a nearly continuous outline.
Overlap gives stem stitch its character
Stem stitch begins each new stitch partway along the previous one. Keeping the working thread consistently on the same side makes the overlaps align into a rope-like edge. Shorten stitches around a tight curve so the line turns smoothly; long stitches cut corners. Changing which side holds the thread changes the twist-like appearance.
Choose by line and reverse, not name alone
Running stitch is economical and flexible but leaves visible gaps. Back stitch is direct for text and crisp outlines, with more thread carried behind. Stem stitch makes a fuller, directional curve. Test line width with the actual number of strands and ground: density that looks clean on firm linen may pucker a light fabric. The figure distinguishes surface thread from the hidden return path.
Interactive figure
Follow the thread path through three line stitches
Solid thread is on the surface; dashed thread travels behind the ground fabric.